Names, Functions, and Locations of Cranial Nerves

The cranial nerves are nerves that arise from the brain and exit the skull through holes (cranial foramina) at its base rather than through the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system connections with various organs and structures of the body are established through cranial nerves and spinal nerves. While some cranial nerves contain only sensory neurons, most cranial nerves and all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons. Function Cranial nerves are responsible for the control of a number of functions in the body. Some of these functions include directing sense and motor impulses, equilibrium control, eye movement and vision, hearing, respiration, swallowing, smelling, facial sensation, and tasting. The names and major functions of these nerves are listed below. Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smellOptic Nerve: VisionOculomotor Nerve: Eyeball and eyelid movementTrochlear Nerve: Eye movementTrigeminal Nerve: This is the largest cranial nerve and is divided into three branches consisting of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Functions controlled include facial sensation and chewing.Abducens Nerve: Eye movementFacial Nerve: Facial expressions and sense of tasteVestibulocochlear Nerve: Equilibrium and hearingGlossopharyngeal Nerve: Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretionVagus Nerve: Smooth muscle sensory and motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive systemAccessory Nerve: Movement of neck and shouldersHypoglossal Nerve: Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech Location The cranial nerves consist of 12 paired nerves that arise from the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves arise from the anterior portion of the brain called the cerebrum. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves stem from the midbrain. The trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves arise in the pons. The vestibulocochlear nerve arises in the inner ears and goes to the pons. The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves are attached to the medulla oblongata. Sensory Cranial Nerves Snellen chart test assesses visual acuity and optic nerve function. CentralITAlliance/iStock/Getty Images Plus There are three sensory cranial nerves: olfactory (I), optic (II), and vestibulocochlear (VIII). These cranial nerves are responsible for our senses of smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. Medical professionals test cranial nerve I by having a person close their eyes and one nostril while inhaling a scent such as coffee or vanilla. An inability to recognize a scent may indicate problems with the sense of smell and cranial nerve I. Central and peripheral vision are under the control of optic nerve (II). Examiners test visual acuity using a Snellen chart. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) functions in hearing and can be assessed with the whisper test. The examiner stands behind the person and whispers a sequence of letters into one ear while the person holds a hand over the non-tested ear. The process is repeated with the opposite ear. Ability to repeat the whispered words indicate proper function. Motor Cranial Nerves Motor nerves function in movement of anatomical structures. Motor cranial nerves include the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI control eye movement. The oculomotor nerve controls pupil constriction and is assessed using a penlight. Light is briefly advanced from the outer edge of the eye to the center of the eye and pupil responses are observed. The trochlear and abducens nerves are often tested by having a person follow an examiners finger movements with his or her eyes only. The accessory nerve controls movement of the neck and shoulders. It is tested by having a person shrug his or her shoulders and turn their head from side to side against resistance from the the examiners hand. The hypoglossal nerve controls movement of the tongue, swallowing, and speech. Assessment of this nerve involves asking the person to stick out his or her tongue to ensure that it is midline. Mixed Cranial Nerves   normaals/iStock/Getty Images Plus Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor function. Mixed cranial nerves include the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves. The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and is involved in facial sensation, chewing, and corneal reflex. Facial sensations are often checked by rubbing soft and blunt objects on various areas of the face. Chewing is typically tested by having the person open and close his or her mouth. The facial nerve controls facial expressions and is involved in taste sensation. This nerve is commonly tested by observing for facial symmetry. The glossopharyngeal nerve plays a role in swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion. The vagus nerve is involved in smooth muscle sensory and motor control in the throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system. Cranial nerves IX and X are typically assessed together. The person is asked to say ah while the examiner observes movement of the palate. Swallowing ability and the ability to tast e different foods are also tested. Sources Facing Cranial Nerve Assessment. American Nurse Today, 17 May 2019, www.americannursetoday.com/facing-cranial-nerve-assessment/.  Seladi-Schulman, Jill. The 12 Cranial Nerves. Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/12-cranial-nerves.

Analysis Of The Poem The Hollowmen - 863 Words

In the Romantic Era there were many famous poets that had a huge impact on civilization at the time. There are many compelling stories and poems that have not only made me question small things in life, but also think about things in different perspectives. Out of all the stories and poems that we studied this semester there were several that stuck out the most to me. There were the young poets and the more elder ones, the difference between the two was the fact that the young ones did not live long, but died at young ages from rather ironic occurrences or of diseases. I have found myself to be most affected and compelled by The Hollowmen by T.S. Eliot, To an Athlete Dying Young by A.E. Housman, and She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron. First, the poem The Hollowmen by T.S. Eliot is one of my favorite for several reasons. To begin, it gives many things about how society is today and things that we do. For example, it says that we talk so much, but say so little. This is so true, if I was to stand somewhere and listen to what everybody says, they will all talk so much, but they would not talk about anything with meaning. It would all be a waste of breath in which there would have been no difference if those words went unsaid. This changed the way I interpret life and the things I say. Also form the same poem it asks the question if you were to face your great great great grandparents, would they be proud of who you are. Among the same lines, Eliot also explains how we

Public Debt and Relative Prices

Question: Describe about the Public Debt and Relative Prices. Answer: Summary The article evaluates the effects of distortionary labor taxation and public debt on relative prices in the long run. It is essential to determine the long-run path of relative prices to understand inflation differentials in a monetary union. Therefore, the study examines the relationship between labor taxation, public debt and non-traded items' relative prices. Theoretically, the research shows that higher tax levels are associated with higher public debt. Likewise, the higher taxes are linked to higher contract labor supply in the non-traded items sector. Empirical studies reveal significant effects of public debt and taxes in the price of non-traded products. In this case, higher debt and taxation also have a strong correlation to higher prices. It is noteworthy that the theoretical framework in the paper describes an extension of the standard small open economy model that deals with non-traded and traded items. The framework represents the consumers as maximizing the current discounted value of their future utility. On the other hand, the government is assumed to consume the non-traded items as well as the traded items. In the model, the government finances its spending through tax labor income and borrowing. The empirical analysis uses data from a sample of 15 advanced nations from the period between 1980 and 2007. For this research, the fiscal variables comprise of labor taxes, government expenditure public capital, and the public debt. The sectoral variables are represented by relative labor productivity and relative non-tradable prices. The research findings imply that there is a relatively strong relationship between the fiscal variables coefficient that and relative prices, with a correlation that ranges from 34 perce nt to 67 percent. According to the model, high sovereign debt can indirectly contribute to the establishment of relative prices through greater distortionary labor taxation. That is to say that although greater taxation proportionately diminishes the supply of labor across the economy, the change in the supply of non-traded items is abstruse and determined by factor intensities. For this reason, the empirical results can be interpreted to conclude that public debt has a crucial part in establishing the long-run path of relative sectoral prices. By and large, the study adds to the existing works on the structural determinants of long-run relative prices of non-traded items. Also, the originality of the paper lies in the fact that it provides the current relationship between distortionary labor taxation, government debt and sectoral prices over an extended period. Strengths One major strength of the study is that the model successfully determines the relationship between distortionary labor tax, public debt and relative prices of non-traded items in a two-sector micro economy. The researchers are able to fill the existing knowledge gap that previously existed and remained unexplored as regards to the effects of sovereign debt and its implications on relative prices. Therefore, by employing the two-sector open economy framework, the researchers succeed to demonstrate that the effect of more public debt on the prices of goods depends on relative factor intensities. For this reason, the researchers infer correctly that higher public debt is associated with higher levels of taxation in the non-traded items as well as the traded goods sector. Another strength pertains to the fact that the paper integrates the analysis by applying theory to the facts in advanced economies. This way, the study derives conclusive findings that suggest that effective labor taxation and public role play an important part in the long-run and collerates positively with relative prices. The papers strengths also lie in the ability of the researchers to integrate the various elements of a research paper successfully. Particularly, the paper has a theoretical framework and model that analyses the existing literature on the field. Also, the study uses empirical data and analyses the empirical evidence to derive conclusions for the study. This way, the reader can deduce that the research was well orchestrated and the findings are authoritative. Also, the researchers are keen and efficiently interpret their findings and results to allow the reader to understand the meaning of the results. Weaknesses One major weakness in the paper arises when the researchers depart from and ignore the assumption of lump-sum taxation and balanced budgets. In this model, increases in government consumption are associated with average to long-run increases in the cost of non-traded items and the appreciation of the absolute exchange rate. The model also demonstrates that the long-run effects of government investment are more ambiguous. For this reason, ignoring the essential elements of the model leaves out important aspects that could be used in making inferences. Conclusion It is worth noting that the estimates of the empirical results are quantitatively consistent with the previous models and existing literature. Therefore, the study infers that the public debt plays a vital part in establishing the path of the relative sectoral prices. In addition, the study proves that there is a positive relationship between higher taxation levels and public debt and the relative prices of goods that are non-traded in a micro economy model. A higher stock of public debt is linked to higher taxation and contracts labor supply in this sector. Generally, the paper purports that taxes and public debt are vital determinants of relative prices and have significant implications for international price competitiveness.

Sports vs Videogames free essay sample

Sports Vs Video games We no longer live in a society where kids run around actively throughout the neighborhood. Late night soccer games, pick up games in the park, and innocence children are gone in sports. Today children are more interested in video game, computers and television, and parents are afraid of letting their children run around the streets because of kidnapping. The majority of kids are no longer interested in physical activity. Why do most kids enjoy video games rather than sports? Video games were first introduced in the 70’s and have been gaining popularity ever since.By the end of the decade video games had already become a preferred activity for kids. According to a recent study by Harris Interactive 1,178 children in the U. S, almost 9 percent of children gamers are pathologically or clinically â€Å"addicted to video games. However, 23 percent of youth say that they have felt addicted to video games, with about one-third of males and a little more than one in 10 females reporting the sensation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports vs Videogames or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is wrong, kids should not be addicted to anything at their age. Kids need to stop playing so many video games and start to playing more sports. Video games in today’s society have a negative influence on kids because it separates them from reality. This can be drastic on kids because they are constantly cutting off physical activity time and social interactions. Kids in this generation are constantly around technology whether at school, in their cars or at home. They are immersed in technology that promotes instant gratification, whether it is by Video games, computers or Mp3 players they are always around it.Technology not only has influenced kids for the worst but has also made them redundant against sports. Playing video games has adverse effects on youth by lowering their social skills, decrease sleep patterns and an increase of weight. If kids chose to play sports not only would they increase their social skills by meeting new teammates, but they would also get a great workout and increase their sleep. What makes video games better to play for kids rather than sports? I think it is because the world you get to enter it is like no other.You are free to do whatever you chose to. There are no rules no regulations, kids choose how and when to play, so I think that this is their way of feeling sort of like adults. They do not have to listen to anyone when playing video games, so I think this is sort of an escape from reality for sometime. According to the parent report. com it would appear that the excitement of video games causes the brain to release a chemical that is, in essence, addictive. This makes sense because kids are receiving constant gratification and happiness from playing video games.If kids were to play more sports rather than video games they would see that playing sports are way more compelling, fun and exciting. It is real live action, not make believe. Kids get to learn a new skill and exercise while doing it. Sports are an essential part of a kids life if they start to lack on physical activity not only will they be lazier when doing anything that requires physical activity, but will also lack the motivational to better yourself. We need to encourage kids to play more sports, and put down the controller. Kids have lost what it means to be a kid. I remember when I was a kid I would wake up at seven watch cartoons, then go out and play till it was dark. I did have a Sega, and Nintendo 64, but I found more pleasure with meeting new people and actually playing sports. I fear that if this process continues we will become sloth’s, and lose or education to video games. I used to work at Gamestop and people of all ages would come in. The ones who bought most video were kids and teenagers. Kids would wait in lines for hours when we had a pre- release and, would waste all of their birthday money or gift cards on various video games.When I was a kid my money would have gone to a new soccer ball or cleats, this just goes to show how much times have changed. There is nothing better for a kid or teenager to go outside and run around. What better way then enrolling them in karate or any other sport. According to Jennifer Dowd, Research has found that participating in sports can have a healthy developmental impact on young children. These activities can promote cooperative play, teamwork, and good sportsmanship while helping to refine gross motor skills.Sports can also help children get along with and become accepted by others, including peers, family members, teachers, and coaches. Plus, through positive feedback, group play builds self-esteem, helping your child realize that shes a capable personal who is able to accomplish significant achievements. I agree with her, being involved in a sport keeps you out of the house and builds essential tools for the future. Playing Video games is fun but as I have shown, it can really have negative side effects.