Names, Functions, and Locations of Cranial Nerves

The cranial nerves are nerves that arise from the brain and exit the skull through holes (cranial foramina) at its base rather than through the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system connections with various organs and structures of the body are established through cranial nerves and spinal nerves. While some cranial nerves contain only sensory neurons, most cranial nerves and all spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons. Function Cranial nerves are responsible for the control of a number of functions in the body. Some of these functions include directing sense and motor impulses, equilibrium control, eye movement and vision, hearing, respiration, swallowing, smelling, facial sensation, and tasting. The names and major functions of these nerves are listed below. Olfactory Nerve: Sense of smellOptic Nerve: VisionOculomotor Nerve: Eyeball and eyelid movementTrochlear Nerve: Eye movementTrigeminal Nerve: This is the largest cranial nerve and is divided into three branches consisting of the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Functions controlled include facial sensation and chewing.Abducens Nerve: Eye movementFacial Nerve: Facial expressions and sense of tasteVestibulocochlear Nerve: Equilibrium and hearingGlossopharyngeal Nerve: Swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretionVagus Nerve: Smooth muscle sensory and motor control in throat, lungs, heart, and digestive systemAccessory Nerve: Movement of neck and shouldersHypoglossal Nerve: Movement of tongue, swallowing, and speech Location The cranial nerves consist of 12 paired nerves that arise from the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves arise from the anterior portion of the brain called the cerebrum. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves stem from the midbrain. The trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves arise in the pons. The vestibulocochlear nerve arises in the inner ears and goes to the pons. The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves are attached to the medulla oblongata. Sensory Cranial Nerves Snellen chart test assesses visual acuity and optic nerve function. CentralITAlliance/iStock/Getty Images Plus There are three sensory cranial nerves: olfactory (I), optic (II), and vestibulocochlear (VIII). These cranial nerves are responsible for our senses of smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. Medical professionals test cranial nerve I by having a person close their eyes and one nostril while inhaling a scent such as coffee or vanilla. An inability to recognize a scent may indicate problems with the sense of smell and cranial nerve I. Central and peripheral vision are under the control of optic nerve (II). Examiners test visual acuity using a Snellen chart. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) functions in hearing and can be assessed with the whisper test. The examiner stands behind the person and whispers a sequence of letters into one ear while the person holds a hand over the non-tested ear. The process is repeated with the opposite ear. Ability to repeat the whispered words indicate proper function. Motor Cranial Nerves Motor nerves function in movement of anatomical structures. Motor cranial nerves include the oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI control eye movement. The oculomotor nerve controls pupil constriction and is assessed using a penlight. Light is briefly advanced from the outer edge of the eye to the center of the eye and pupil responses are observed. The trochlear and abducens nerves are often tested by having a person follow an examiners finger movements with his or her eyes only. The accessory nerve controls movement of the neck and shoulders. It is tested by having a person shrug his or her shoulders and turn their head from side to side against resistance from the the examiners hand. The hypoglossal nerve controls movement of the tongue, swallowing, and speech. Assessment of this nerve involves asking the person to stick out his or her tongue to ensure that it is midline. Mixed Cranial Nerves   normaals/iStock/Getty Images Plus Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor function. Mixed cranial nerves include the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves. The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and is involved in facial sensation, chewing, and corneal reflex. Facial sensations are often checked by rubbing soft and blunt objects on various areas of the face. Chewing is typically tested by having the person open and close his or her mouth. The facial nerve controls facial expressions and is involved in taste sensation. This nerve is commonly tested by observing for facial symmetry. The glossopharyngeal nerve plays a role in swallowing, sense of taste, and saliva secretion. The vagus nerve is involved in smooth muscle sensory and motor control in the throat, lungs, heart, and digestive system. Cranial nerves IX and X are typically assessed together. The person is asked to say ah while the examiner observes movement of the palate. Swallowing ability and the ability to tast e different foods are also tested. Sources Facing Cranial Nerve Assessment. American Nurse Today, 17 May 2019, www.americannursetoday.com/facing-cranial-nerve-assessment/.  Seladi-Schulman, Jill. The 12 Cranial Nerves. Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/12-cranial-nerves.

Analysis Of The Poem The Hollowmen - 863 Words

In the Romantic Era there were many famous poets that had a huge impact on civilization at the time. There are many compelling stories and poems that have not only made me question small things in life, but also think about things in different perspectives. Out of all the stories and poems that we studied this semester there were several that stuck out the most to me. There were the young poets and the more elder ones, the difference between the two was the fact that the young ones did not live long, but died at young ages from rather ironic occurrences or of diseases. I have found myself to be most affected and compelled by The Hollowmen by T.S. Eliot, To an Athlete Dying Young by A.E. Housman, and She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron. First, the poem The Hollowmen by T.S. Eliot is one of my favorite for several reasons. To begin, it gives many things about how society is today and things that we do. For example, it says that we talk so much, but say so little. This is so true, if I was to stand somewhere and listen to what everybody says, they will all talk so much, but they would not talk about anything with meaning. It would all be a waste of breath in which there would have been no difference if those words went unsaid. This changed the way I interpret life and the things I say. Also form the same poem it asks the question if you were to face your great great great grandparents, would they be proud of who you are. Among the same lines, Eliot also explains how we

Public Debt and Relative Prices

Question: Describe about the Public Debt and Relative Prices. Answer: Summary The article evaluates the effects of distortionary labor taxation and public debt on relative prices in the long run. It is essential to determine the long-run path of relative prices to understand inflation differentials in a monetary union. Therefore, the study examines the relationship between labor taxation, public debt and non-traded items' relative prices. Theoretically, the research shows that higher tax levels are associated with higher public debt. Likewise, the higher taxes are linked to higher contract labor supply in the non-traded items sector. Empirical studies reveal significant effects of public debt and taxes in the price of non-traded products. In this case, higher debt and taxation also have a strong correlation to higher prices. It is noteworthy that the theoretical framework in the paper describes an extension of the standard small open economy model that deals with non-traded and traded items. The framework represents the consumers as maximizing the current discounted value of their future utility. On the other hand, the government is assumed to consume the non-traded items as well as the traded items. In the model, the government finances its spending through tax labor income and borrowing. The empirical analysis uses data from a sample of 15 advanced nations from the period between 1980 and 2007. For this research, the fiscal variables comprise of labor taxes, government expenditure public capital, and the public debt. The sectoral variables are represented by relative labor productivity and relative non-tradable prices. The research findings imply that there is a relatively strong relationship between the fiscal variables coefficient that and relative prices, with a correlation that ranges from 34 perce nt to 67 percent. According to the model, high sovereign debt can indirectly contribute to the establishment of relative prices through greater distortionary labor taxation. That is to say that although greater taxation proportionately diminishes the supply of labor across the economy, the change in the supply of non-traded items is abstruse and determined by factor intensities. For this reason, the empirical results can be interpreted to conclude that public debt has a crucial part in establishing the long-run path of relative sectoral prices. By and large, the study adds to the existing works on the structural determinants of long-run relative prices of non-traded items. Also, the originality of the paper lies in the fact that it provides the current relationship between distortionary labor taxation, government debt and sectoral prices over an extended period. Strengths One major strength of the study is that the model successfully determines the relationship between distortionary labor tax, public debt and relative prices of non-traded items in a two-sector micro economy. The researchers are able to fill the existing knowledge gap that previously existed and remained unexplored as regards to the effects of sovereign debt and its implications on relative prices. Therefore, by employing the two-sector open economy framework, the researchers succeed to demonstrate that the effect of more public debt on the prices of goods depends on relative factor intensities. For this reason, the researchers infer correctly that higher public debt is associated with higher levels of taxation in the non-traded items as well as the traded goods sector. Another strength pertains to the fact that the paper integrates the analysis by applying theory to the facts in advanced economies. This way, the study derives conclusive findings that suggest that effective labor taxation and public role play an important part in the long-run and collerates positively with relative prices. The papers strengths also lie in the ability of the researchers to integrate the various elements of a research paper successfully. Particularly, the paper has a theoretical framework and model that analyses the existing literature on the field. Also, the study uses empirical data and analyses the empirical evidence to derive conclusions for the study. This way, the reader can deduce that the research was well orchestrated and the findings are authoritative. Also, the researchers are keen and efficiently interpret their findings and results to allow the reader to understand the meaning of the results. Weaknesses One major weakness in the paper arises when the researchers depart from and ignore the assumption of lump-sum taxation and balanced budgets. In this model, increases in government consumption are associated with average to long-run increases in the cost of non-traded items and the appreciation of the absolute exchange rate. The model also demonstrates that the long-run effects of government investment are more ambiguous. For this reason, ignoring the essential elements of the model leaves out important aspects that could be used in making inferences. Conclusion It is worth noting that the estimates of the empirical results are quantitatively consistent with the previous models and existing literature. Therefore, the study infers that the public debt plays a vital part in establishing the path of the relative sectoral prices. In addition, the study proves that there is a positive relationship between higher taxation levels and public debt and the relative prices of goods that are non-traded in a micro economy model. A higher stock of public debt is linked to higher taxation and contracts labor supply in this sector. Generally, the paper purports that taxes and public debt are vital determinants of relative prices and have significant implications for international price competitiveness.

Sports vs Videogames free essay sample

Sports Vs Video games We no longer live in a society where kids run around actively throughout the neighborhood. Late night soccer games, pick up games in the park, and innocence children are gone in sports. Today children are more interested in video game, computers and television, and parents are afraid of letting their children run around the streets because of kidnapping. The majority of kids are no longer interested in physical activity. Why do most kids enjoy video games rather than sports? Video games were first introduced in the 70’s and have been gaining popularity ever since.By the end of the decade video games had already become a preferred activity for kids. According to a recent study by Harris Interactive 1,178 children in the U. S, almost 9 percent of children gamers are pathologically or clinically â€Å"addicted to video games. However, 23 percent of youth say that they have felt addicted to video games, with about one-third of males and a little more than one in 10 females reporting the sensation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports vs Videogames or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is wrong, kids should not be addicted to anything at their age. Kids need to stop playing so many video games and start to playing more sports. Video games in today’s society have a negative influence on kids because it separates them from reality. This can be drastic on kids because they are constantly cutting off physical activity time and social interactions. Kids in this generation are constantly around technology whether at school, in their cars or at home. They are immersed in technology that promotes instant gratification, whether it is by Video games, computers or Mp3 players they are always around it.Technology not only has influenced kids for the worst but has also made them redundant against sports. Playing video games has adverse effects on youth by lowering their social skills, decrease sleep patterns and an increase of weight. If kids chose to play sports not only would they increase their social skills by meeting new teammates, but they would also get a great workout and increase their sleep. What makes video games better to play for kids rather than sports? I think it is because the world you get to enter it is like no other.You are free to do whatever you chose to. There are no rules no regulations, kids choose how and when to play, so I think that this is their way of feeling sort of like adults. They do not have to listen to anyone when playing video games, so I think this is sort of an escape from reality for sometime. According to the parent report. com it would appear that the excitement of video games causes the brain to release a chemical that is, in essence, addictive. This makes sense because kids are receiving constant gratification and happiness from playing video games.If kids were to play more sports rather than video games they would see that playing sports are way more compelling, fun and exciting. It is real live action, not make believe. Kids get to learn a new skill and exercise while doing it. Sports are an essential part of a kids life if they start to lack on physical activity not only will they be lazier when doing anything that requires physical activity, but will also lack the motivational to better yourself. We need to encourage kids to play more sports, and put down the controller. Kids have lost what it means to be a kid. I remember when I was a kid I would wake up at seven watch cartoons, then go out and play till it was dark. I did have a Sega, and Nintendo 64, but I found more pleasure with meeting new people and actually playing sports. I fear that if this process continues we will become sloth’s, and lose or education to video games. I used to work at Gamestop and people of all ages would come in. The ones who bought most video were kids and teenagers. Kids would wait in lines for hours when we had a pre- release and, would waste all of their birthday money or gift cards on various video games.When I was a kid my money would have gone to a new soccer ball or cleats, this just goes to show how much times have changed. There is nothing better for a kid or teenager to go outside and run around. What better way then enrolling them in karate or any other sport. According to Jennifer Dowd, Research has found that participating in sports can have a healthy developmental impact on young children. These activities can promote cooperative play, teamwork, and good sportsmanship while helping to refine gross motor skills.Sports can also help children get along with and become accepted by others, including peers, family members, teachers, and coaches. Plus, through positive feedback, group play builds self-esteem, helping your child realize that shes a capable personal who is able to accomplish significant achievements. I agree with her, being involved in a sport keeps you out of the house and builds essential tools for the future. Playing Video games is fun but as I have shown, it can really have negative side effects.

Movie Analysis - Amistad essays

Movie Analysis - Amistad essays Courage, perseverance and hope are clearly seen through the actions of several Africans and their Big Man Cinque, who over-ran the slave ship La Amistad in an attempt to go home. Fifty-three native Africans fate is chosen by a dung scraper, a unknown attorney looking for a case, but that is only skin deep. Not only does this dung scraper know what he is talking about but he is the one who can and will free them from bondage. There are two other men who play a very drastic role in the fate of Cinque and his people; those men are John Quincy Adams and Theodore Joadson. John Quincy Adams is not highly regarded among his colleagues and is seen as a drooling fool who sleeps half of the time during the meetings on Capitol Hill. Others feel that the only reason that he is well known is because of his middle name not true. John Q. Adams was a great man, filled with knowledge and wisdom which many people do not acquire in a lifetime. When it came down to the line John followed through, he triumphed over evil by doing what was right at the right time. One thing that Mr. Adams stated to the United States Supreme Court was "The constant and perpetual will to secure to every one HIS OWN right." Essentially John knew that Cinque wanted and needed freedom, which is what every person on this planet wants and needs. John Quincy Adams fought and won freedom for them. There is one man that did not do the right thing, President Martin Van Buren. Two words sum up his presidency, Bill Clinton. His only want and will to be in office, was to be in office. The only thing he was concerned about was his reputation, and not to be in office when the civil war began. That was the last thing he wanted on his head. So instead of helping 53 native Africans return to their families, homes and friends, he made it all the more difficult for Baldwin, Theodore Joadson and John Adams to win the case in the U.S. Supreme court. ...

Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essays

Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essays Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essay Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essay Homeostasis is the name given to the process that allows optimum conditions to be regulated in the body. This regulation of the internal environment must be independent of external environmental constraints. In humans this process is controlled by almost all of the bodily systems but mainly by the endocrine, respiratory and renal systems. Homeostasis therefore allows an organism to live in habitats that are not ideally suited to the internal environment, because, only in favourable conditions will the organism thrive. This allows the organism to in an environment not best suited to its internal functioning but in conditions which may be favourable for foraging etc. a prime example are fish, a fresh water fish lives in an environment which in definition is more dilute than within its internal environment, sea water fish on the other hand live in a environment where its surroundings are more alkali than its internal environment. The need for homeostasis can be traced to the cellular level, as cells interact with their immediate environment (either via cellular communication, signal proteins, expulsion of ion, and uptake of ions). It is this communication, which ultimately leads to a change in the external environment. Right to the organ level or tissue organisation were for example the expulsion of urea changes the blood pH and osmolarity. These internal changes are countered by the excretion of hormones etc, (these substances share 4 main structural forms. Amines, steroids, prostaglandin and peptides) which start a chain reaction to nullify the change these hormones are either secreted via ducts (exocrine system) or directly into the blood stream, (endocrine system). Homeostasis therefore is controlled by many systems, and although complex, many multi organ physiological mechanisms help regulate in many ways. However the theory of an internal environment wasnt recognised until a French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1872 put forward the idea of a constant internal environment stating, 1Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life. It is however important to remember that the regulation of an internal environment does not only concern body temperature but also such things as blood pH [H+], Blood glucose concentration, osmotic potential etc. All of these systems must be regulated in some how to maintain this internal environment, this regulatory system relies on a feedback system, which can be illustrated in a simple diagram (figure 1. 1). Figure 1. 1 clearly shows the system of negative feedback this is where in essence an off signal (in one of the structural forms mentioned). Is sent from the hypothalamus to stop the process and therefore retain a homeostatic condition. This feedback system allows homeostasis to be regulated almost automatically. This negative feedback however can sometimes go wrong. A prime and well-documented case of this is diabetes. When blood glucose levels increase above a threshold limit the endocrine system (stimulated via the hypothalamus) activates the pancreas, this then secretes a hormone called insulin which this accelerates the uptake of blood glucose into storage molecules of glycogen (especially in the liver) and fat molecules. However if this uptake of sugar is not regulated enough then absorption of sugar will continue and the blood glucose level drops the result is glaucoma and ultimately death. This leads to the conclusion that glaucoma is the result of a breakdown in the homeostatic system and therefore a breakdown of blood glucose regulation. Homeostasis however is not only controlled by the hypothalamus, hormones which are produced by the hypothalamus to regulate homeostasis, are regulated by neurohormones, which are secreted by specialised nerve cells called neurosecretory cells. These cells which are found in the hypothalamus. These regulate the secretion of various glandular hormones from the non-neural anterior pituitary gland. These neurohormones are different to the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus as they target direct tissues (with relation to hormone structure and function). These specific neurosecretory cells are located in the anterior hypothalamus, these also demonstrate the diversity found within an organ, which allows this process to be self regulated. But homeostasis is not only regulated by internal bodily systems but also external structural/environmental conditions, an example environmental control is that of heat transference, As all metabolic reactions produce heat sometimes this heat would build up in the body, this would have devastating consequences on bodily functions such as the functioning of enzymes as after a certain temperature these become permanently de natured and unable to function, So when the body over heats, the hypothalamus sends a signal to the sweat glands which are located in the epidermal layer of the skin to produce sweat. This sweat then evaporates taking the heat energy with it. Therefore reducing the body temperature and maintaining homeostasis, the skeletal structure is an example of a structural way of controlling homeostasis. This is mainly due to the composition of skeletal bone. As skeletal bone is comprised mainly of calcium this can act as a calcium reserve. there are times in the homeostatic cycle when this calcium needs to be metabolised from bone tissue for use by other systems, e. . Calcium is very important for normal muscle functioning, therefore calcium ion concentration must be kept at a correct level in the surrounding blood and tissue fluids, the consequences of a breakdown in this regulation would lead to changes in the calcium ion concentration leading to a compromise in muscle activity, it is in this way that the skeletal system helps regulate homeostasis. The conclusion of this is that homeostasis is essential to a living organism and is in essence self regulated by a complex system of feedback loops regulated by many organ systems however these regulatory systems sometimes go wrong and need external assistance be this injecting hormones, taking advantage of environmental conditions, i. e. basking in the sun (lizards), panting (dogs, etc).

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Organizational Change - Essay Example Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:†¢ Cultivating a caring and inclusive school community†¢ The involvement of parents and outside community  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Coordinate school resources for effective learning†¢ Manage and develop staff members' pro fessional skills†¢ Building a shared vision of the school communityAccording to the incident of the school bus driver who was caught on camera choking a child, which is a negative publicity, the school management should have managed the situation before it went out of hand causing the loss of job to the bus driver. Considering that the child required a monitor, and it was hard for the bus driver to manage both her task and that of calming the child. Unless the change is attempted, one may not know its importance. According to Richard and Judy, allowing, acceptance and involvement in change may result in a much-desired results needed for effective leadership and administration. This includes: ensuring a well-detailed reason for the change, impacting the importance of the change to the people so that they own the change and ensuring that the change has a clear vision and has received adequate support for its implementation.